The arena of existence in extent and the arena of existence in duration in Nature are expressed by two fundamental concepts, respectively --that of space and that of time. A location is represented or expressed through the concept of a point in space while an event in Nature is represented or expressed through the concept of a point in time.

Since in Nature, the location of a point in space can be identified exactly through three and only three independent like-parameters, called space parameters, noted say as [x, y, z], we say that the Space of Nature is a 3-dimensional continuum. The mathematical "structure" of that continuum is defined formally (in the language of Mathematics) through a so-called metric, called the metric of space.

Unlike a point in space that can travel randomly in a 3-dimensional volume, a point in time can travel only linearly in a unidimensional space called the timeline. Because of this, a time point can be identified completely through one, and only one, single parameter, called the timeline parameter and denoted with t.

Thus, for a particular point of Nature, its space parameters are function of its sole timeline parameter and, we can write this as x=x(t), y=y(t), and z=z(t). So the space [x, y, z] can now be written as [x(t), y(t), z(t)].

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It is important to note, right here and right now, that unlike the parameters x, y, and z that are of the same nature being therefore able to be interchanged one with another, the timeline parameter t is of an entierly different nature. As such, it is meaningless indeed to unite the timeline parameter with any other kind of parameters as such a union cannot be combined in a meaningful matter. In a meaningful combination all of parameters forming a space must be of the same kind. Thus, the timeline paramether t can never ever --in a meaningful way-- be added as a forth spatial dimension to represent a space much less the Space of Nature. The Space of Nature can be represented only as [x(t), y(t), z(t)] but never ever, in a meaningful way, as [x, y, z, t]. Nevertheless, such an absurdly, introduced first by Albert Einstein, continue to this day, to be employed without any notable reservation. The so-called spacetime continuum combining Space and Time is an utterly absurd concept as such an union can never ever generate a continuum in the mathematical sense or in any other coherent sense. That is because, as stated, the parameter time can never ever combine, in a meaningful way, with a parameter that is of a different nature. To have combination of parameters forming a continuum, all parameters must be of the same nature. Mathematics, par excellence, is the science of spaces, and mathematical spaces can have any number of dimensions and a variety of non-Euclidean structures (or metrics). Examples of such mathematical spaces are the elliptic and hyperbolic spaces or the Riemannian spaces. The mathematical representation of the Space of Nature is, as stated and recognized for centuries, the 3-dimensional Euclidean Space and nothing else. Aside from the mathematical structure of a space (i.e., of its metric), in Nature we can talk about a physical structure, but that physical structure need not be confused with the mathematical structure employed.

Because the motion of an object in Nature can be referenced only through space and time, those two concepts are also called the base anchoring concepts of Nature (BACONs). In addition, because of their abstract nature transcending over the entire Nature, they are part of the called transphysical concepts of Nature.

These two transphysical concepts, space and time, introduced herein are further magnified below.

We start with examining the space concept. We begin this examination by noting that all living organisms have developed mechanisms in recognizing the existence, and thus the characteristics of their environment and thus of their 'space.' That recognition developed considerably with the evolution and development of the brain in the kingdom of the living whose apex arguably was reached with the appearance of the human species.

Indeed, we human began recognizing that the physical space far exceeded our immediate surrounding environment. New terms such as the cosmic space became part to that recognition. The exploration of that physical cosmic space became in earnest the frontier of the first science --the Astronomy.

The expansion of the space concept was done through the advancement of the abstract thinking whose seat has been in the Logic functionality of the brain --the place where rational deductive inferences are being produced. Mathematics and Philosophy have been at the forefront in studying the nature of space through rigorous abstract thinking.
      In Mathematics, the 3-dimensional Euclidean space (that was the representation of the perceived physical space of Nature) was no longer the only space in use. New mathematical abstract spaces of any dimension were making their debuts together with mathematical spaces that were no longer Euclidean. As a result of that, a new renaissance in Mathematics began placing the abstract rational thinking on new heights and plateaus.
      In Philosophy, the abstract thinking led philosophers (such as the brilliant and unequalled Immanuel Kant with his seminal work "Critique of Pure Reason") to begin examining cosmological concepts in terms of how the human brain itself, through its logic functionality, treats those concepts. In his famous "Antinomies of Pure Reason" vested in his four thesis-antithesis propositions, Kant is both probing and battering the logic functionality of the human brain to unprecedented levels of scrutiny.

 We now are ready to introduce the ultimate underlying Space of Nature of limitless extent, called HoloSpace (HOS), that in TRUTON represents Nature's ultimate stratum of existence made of its vacuum-type continuum called xenovoid (XV) whose characteristic is that is devoid of material density. And because of that lack of material density, we can make this fundamental recognition vested in

	The First Fundamental Universal Principle Of Nature (1st FUPON):  The ultimate underlying limitless xenovoid space of Nature --the HoloSpace
	Nature has no boundaries in its extent. Its ultimate underlying arena of existence is vested in the limitless space whose "fabric" is xenovoid that is devoid of material density. This ultimate space of Nature is called HoloSpace (HOS).
. Remark 1: The HoloSpace (HOS) of Nature, as introduced, is made of xenovoid (XV) that is devoid only of material density, but not devoid of everything. That is to say that the xenovoid is not an empty entity, but rather that it is only devoid of material density. This subtle recognition will further be magnified when we will discover the actual "fabric" of the xenovoid. . Remark 2: Because the xenovoid is devoid of material density, it follows that the xenovoid (and thus the HoloSpace) can permeate any material object. And that permeation allows the HoloSpace to be a perfect host and be able to accommodate all material objects of Nature.

A far more complex concept is the concept of time that evolved from the linear 'distance in duration' reality of Nature such as the 'distance' between day and night, between various phases of the Moon, between seasons, etc. Therefore the time concept incorporates all the characteristics of the distance concept --a concept that was considerable formalized in Mathematics. In particular, we note that the distance between any two points can be represented through a line (straight curve) joining those two points. Hence, the 'time' concept has assimilated all the (mathematical) properties of the 'line' concept. Thus, the properties of the 'line' are being carried into to the property of 'time.' We can see all this from the table below.

Formalization of 'line' from Mathematics	Borrowed formalization of the 'time' concept
1. A line has no beginning nor end. Between any two distinct points there is one, and only one, line that passes through them both. Because of this, .   It is meaningless to talk about a "condensed" or a "stretched" mathematical line. A Mathematical line is of one, and only one, kind.	1'. Between any two distinct events, called EventPoints or TimePoints, there is one, and only one, straight line that passes through both of them called the EventLine or TimeLine of Nature (TILON) with no beginning and no end. Because of this, .   It is nonsensical to talk about a condensed or stretched TimeLine/EventLine.
2. Between any two points in a line, there is a point between them.	2'. Between any two EventPoints/TimePoints of the EventLine/TimeLine, we always can have another EventPoint/TimePoint.
3. To a line L, we can associate a one-to-one function f=f(x) such that for any two points P and Q on L we have |PQ|=|f(P)-f(Q)| that is called the distance between P and Q. The number |PQ| is called the length of the line segment PQ and the points P and Q are called endpoints.	3'. A segment of the EventLine or TimeLine, called an EventSegment/TimeSegment (or a time episode), is a part or a portion of the EventLine/TimeLine that is bounded by two EventPoints/TimePoints, say P and Q, called end-EventPoints/TimePoints and contains every EventPoint/TimePoint on the EventSegment/TimeSegment between its end-EventPoints/TimePoints. The duration of a PQ EventSegment/TimeSegment or a PQ episode is the number |PQ|=|f(P)-f(Q)| where f is called the time function, f=f(t), that is a one-to-one function associated with the EventLine/TimeLine. The variable t is called the time variable or simply 'time.'
.   Remark 1: Any two endpoints whose distance between them is 0 (zero) are said to be one and the same.	.   Remark 1': Any two EventPoints/TimePoints that have a zero EventSegment/TimeSegment between them are said to be simultaneous.
.   Remark 2: The variable x of function f(x) is not a discrete but a continuous variable on L. The continuous variable x is said to be mapping the line L, and it goes without saying that x is a non-stretchable and a non-compressional entity; and that x has no beginning nor end.	.   Remark 2': The continuous time variable t (or time) of the time function f=f(t) is said to be mapping the TimeLine of Nature (TILON). Since TILON has no beginning or end, it follows that that 'time' cannot be "compressed" or "stretched."; nor that time (the time variable t) has an absolute beginning or an absolute end.
4. The coordinatization of the line: The mapping f---->f(x) represents the coordinatization of the line. That is, it defines a coordinate system on the line. There is a point that corresponds to 0 (zero) and, there are points that correspond to the positive real numbers and points that correspond to the negative real numbers.	4'. The arrangement of the EventLine/TimeLine: .There is an EventPoint/TimePoint called zero-EventPoint/TimePoint or the BirthTime that corresponds to the birth of a particular formation. The time referenced to the formation is called the relative time or the intrinsic time of that formation. .There is an EventPoint/TimePoint called the now-EventPoint/TimePoint or the present-EventPoint/TimePoint that corresponds to a given number called present. .There are EventPoints/TimePoints called bygone-EventPoints/TimePoints or past-EventPoints/TimePoints preceding the present-EventPoint/TimePoint that are corresponding to negative real numbers. We say that those points represent points of the past. .There are EventPoints/TimePoints called EventPoints/TimePoints-to-be or future-EventPoints/TimePoints that are corresponding to positive real numbers. We say that those points represent points from an imaginary or virtual future.
5. A half-line or a ray-line is defined trough the concept of "order" of points of a line. When we have coordinatization, we say that the line is directed. A half-line is part of a line which is finite in one direction, but infinite in the other. It can be defined by two points, the initial point, A, and one other, B. The half-line is all the points in the line segment between A and B together with all points, C, on the line through A and B such that the points appear on the line in the order A, B, C. If A is a point on a line such that the set of points C satisfy the relation f(A)f(C), then the set of points C are said to form a ray with A as its origin. If the set of points C satisfy the relation f(A)f(C), then the set of points C are said to form the opposite ray.	5'. The EventLine/TimeLine has two halves. A half-EventLine/TimeLine is defined through the concept of "order" of its EventPoints/TimePoints. When the EventPoints/TimePoints are arranged in the order of their successive occurrence, we say that the EventLine/TimeLine is directed. A half-EventLine/TimeLine is a part of the EventLine/TimeLine that is finite in one direction, but infinite in the other. .We call the bygone-EventLine/TimeLine or past-EventLine/TimeLine, the half-EventLine/TimeLine whose origin is the present-EventPoint/TimePoint and whose all subsequent EventPoints/TimePoints are the bygone-EventPoints/TimePoints. We call that half-EventLine/TimeLine the entire past-line of Nature (EPLON). .We call the EventLine/TimeLine-to-be, the half-EventLine/TimeLine whose origin is the present-EventPoint/TimePoint and whose all subsequent EventPoints/TimePoints are the future-EventPoints/TimePoints. We call that half-EventLine/TimeLine a virtual futuristic-line.
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Internal biological mechanisms for measuring the duration of a time episode (as defined in point 3' hereinabove) have existed and perfected from the beginning of life. Natural time-markers are, as we have noted, an essential element of life. The evolutionary evolved human species added a new dimension of keeping track of time not through its existing biological clocks but through external clocks creating timekeeping devices called timepieces capable of functioning outside the body of human species. The evolution of those timekeeping devises from sundials and water clocks to pendulum clocks and culminating with quarts and atomic clocks has been indeed a most remarkable journey.

The complex concept of time evolved, as we have seen, from the recognition of the existence of a 'distance of duration.' Another type of distance that has been recognized by all living organisms has been the 'distance in length' or 'spatial distance.' That 'spatial distance' will lead us to the 'metric' of the Euclidean Space noted above.

.NOTE: As we have seen, through our logic functionality, we were able in a coherent way to arrive at the transphysical concepts of space and time and that indeed is a remarkable achievement of our logic functionality. However, as we have noted above, logic functionality however was not the only "player" that human brain was equiped with. Irrationality was another functionality bestowed upon the human brain. And trough that platform of the Irrational, the abstract thinking could also be launched and it entered mainstream in 1905 with Albert Einstein's introduction of his Special Theory of Relativity (STR) and continuing by him 10 years later with the introduction of his General Theory of Relativity (GTR). Once the gate towards Irrational was opened, it was not long before the apparition of the Quantum Mechanics --a theory par excellence of the Absurd purporting to represent and explain the atomic and subatomic worlds of Nature. One of its founders, P. A. M. Dirac in the 1930 Preface of his classical work "The Principles of Quantum Mechanics" pleads with the reader to allow him to introduce elements of the irrational which he called them "irrelevancies," as well as, to allow him to use indiscriminately Mathematics as "it is the tool specially suited for dealing with abstract concepts of any kind as there is no limit to its power ..." A more recent physics professor while at Harvard University (now at University of Texas at Austin and a Nobel Laureate in Physics), in justifying for the necessity of introducing elements of the irrational in Quantum Mechanics blamed the human brain for its biological limitations arguing that as dogs could not be taught Calculus, similarly we, humans, could not expect to be able to grasp the atomic and subatomic world in a rational fashion. [sic!]. Well, hopefully the foundation of TRUTON will be able to change all that and bring down all that nonsense. Out of that nonsensical, irrational, thinking it is worth mentioning one result that stands out --the nonsensical 4-dimensional space, called spacetime continuum, combining the 3-dimensional space (x, y, z) with the 1-dimensional time-line (t) resulting into the ridiculous nonsensical "(x, y, z, t)-space." Of course, if time t is a variable, we write the 3-dimensional space as [x(t), y(t), z(t)] but never ever introduce an 'unsustainable' spacetime continuum (x, y, z, t). It is 'unsustainable' because a space to be 'sustainable' must have all its coordonates be of the same kind --'spatial' kind. That is to say that the coordinates of a point in a given space must be of the same nature and thus be interchangeable if the respective space would have any meaning. If in other situation, for instance, we have a problem where the density d is a variable, we cannot create a nilly-willy nonsensical spacedensity continuum (x, y, z, d), but we use the same 3-dimensional physical space with d as the variable [x(d), y(d), z(d)]. Also, the concept of a space "curvature" attributed, nilly-willy, to the spacetime nonsensical continuum is an exercise into the absurd as it has no physics nor anything else in support thereof. From here somehow the origin of gravity is being "explained" being part of Albert Einstein's insane theory of Nature --his so-called General Theory of Relativity. .Albert Einstein      (That Albert Einstein harbored a clinically insane mind has been well kept a most guarded secret by the Einstein estate. Einstein, in fact, was born with a mental disorder, was not able to speak until was 3, developed Schizophrenia that he passed to his children, was a mediocre student all his life, and professionally benefited greatly from his first wife that supplied for him most of the employed mathematics. In addition, he stole practically all of the 'relativistic' results from published materials of Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz including the famous 1904 Poincaré equation E=mc2 attributed to Einstein.) If the nowadays "modern" Physics is marred by the massive amount of irrationalities that were implanted and continue to flourish, the nowadays "modern" Astronomy is being marred by its massive speculative concepts such as, by its preposterous Big-Bang cosmological concept that considers that our existing Universe has somehow emerged out of the explosion of a nilly-willy point of infinite mass density; by the existence of speculative "dark" energy and mass; by the existence of the speculative "antimatter"; by the existence of some mysterious "black holes" with unseen imaginary physical properties; and so on, and so on ...

What a terrible sad state the "modern" theoretical Physics and Astronomy have evolved into. Heartbreaking indeed. .God, if there is one, is having a field day is seeing how far off we have strayed from deciphering the secrets of Nature and its modus operandi. .

Now, in the next section, we need to turn our attention is discovering the physical structure of the Space of Nature, and thus to turn our attention in identifying the primary ingredients of Nature (PINs).

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